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Iran🇮🇷 IR45 malware familiesExploits CVEs in the wild

Magic Hound

Also known asagent_serpensAPT35Bohriumcalanquecharming_kittencharming_kitten_aptCOBALT ILLUSIONcobalt_mirageCrimson SandstormCuboid SandstormCURIUMDEV-0228HOUSEBLENDIMPERIAL KITTENITG18Magic HoundMint SandstormnewsbeefNewscasterNimbus ManticoreParastoophosphorousphosphorusSmoke SandstormTA453TA455TA456Tortoise ShellTortoiseshellUNC1549Yellow Liderc

APT35 is an Iranian state-linked threat actor widely tied in the provided content to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Intelligence Organization (IRGC IO). Known aliases in the content include Magic Hound, Charming Kitten, APT35, Phosphorous/Phosphorus, TA453, TA455, TA456, Mint Sandstorm, Crimson Sandstorm, Smoke Sandstorm, Agent Serpens, Cobalt Mirage, Cobalt Illusion, Imperial Kitten, ITG18, NewsBeef, Newscaster, Parastoo, Tortoiseshell, UNC1549, Nimbus Manticore, Bohrium, Calanque, Cuboid Sandstorm, Curium, DEV-0228, Houseblend, Yellow Liderc, and others. The content describes this actor as active since at least 2014 and engaged in cyber espionage. Reported targeting includes individuals and organizations in academic research, government, human rights groups, media, military, and technology sectors in Iran, the United States, Israel, and the United Kingdom; energy, government, and technology sectors in Saudi Arabia; and, under UNC1549/Nimbus Manticore tracking, aerospace, aviation, and defense organizations across the Middle East, South Asia, and Western Europe. The content also states that TA453 targeted senior medical researchers in the United States and Israel in late 2020, and in 2024 targeted a prominent Jewish religious figure using a fake podcast invitation. Tradecraft directly mentioned in the content includes credential phishing, social engineering, fake recruitment and career portals, spoofed institutional identities, malicious email attachments, and malware delivery through multi-stage payloads. The actor has used HTTP for command and control. ATT&CK-style behavior attributed in the content to Magic Hound/Curium includes luring victims into opening malicious email attachments, exfiltrating data from compromised machines, gathering local IP address, MAC address, external IP address, and victim username, listing logical drives and directory contents, and determining whether newly dropped files should execute in a hidden window. Malware and tooling directly associated in the content include BellaCiao, publicly attributed there to Charming Kitten, and BellaCPP, assessed with medium-to-high confidence as associated with Charming Kitten; Drokbk, operated by a subgroup of Cobalt Mirage; BlackSmith and the AnvilEcho PowerShell trojan used by TA453; and TOTPGuard used in Nimbus Manticore recruitment-themed operations. The content also describes a late-2025 leak of internal APT35 documents that allegedly revealed a hierarchical, quota-driven espionage organization tied to the IRGC IO, with operations from May 2022 through October 2025 including Exchange exploitation and data exfiltration against regional government, diplomatic, judicial, and infrastructure targets.

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OPERATIONAL PROFILE

Targeting

Who, where, and (when attributed) which flag flies behind the operation. Pulled from open-source reporting and Mallory's analyst review.

Who they target

Sectors the actor has been observed targeting.

  • Commercial & Professional Services
  • Military

Where they're from

Attributed origin per open-source reporting.

  • IR
MITRE ATT&CK

Tradecraft

66 distinct techniques observed across reporting, grouped by tactic. Hover any cell for the evidence excerpt; click through for MITRE's full description.

14 of 15 tactics90 techniques×N= number of intelligence reports citing this technique
MITRE ATT&CK
TA0043
Reconnaissance
2 techniques
T1589
Gather Victim Identity Information
T1598×2
Phishing for Information
T1598.003
Spearphishing Link
TA0042
Resource Development
1 technique
T1586
Compromise Accounts
TA0001
Initial Access
4 techniques
T1078
Valid Accounts
T1078.004
Cloud Accounts
T1189
Drive-by Compromise
T1190×4
Exploit Public-Facing Application
T1566
Phishing
T1566.001
Spearphishing Attachment
T1566.002×3
Spearphishing Link
T1566.003×3
Spearphishing via Service
TA0002
Execution
5 techniques
T1053
Scheduled Task/Job
T1053.005
Scheduled Task
T1059×2
Command and Scripting Interpreter
T1059.001×2
PowerShell
T1203
Exploitation for Client Execution
T1204
User Execution
T1204.002×3
Malicious File
T1574×2
Hijack Execution Flow
T1574.001
DLL
TA0003
Persistence
4 techniques
T1053
Scheduled Task/Job
T1053.005
Scheduled Task
T1078
Valid Accounts
T1078.004
Cloud Accounts
T1505
Server Software Component
T1505.003
Web Shell
T1543
Create or Modify System Process
T1543.003×3
Windows Service
TA0004
Privilege Escalation
3 techniques
T1053
Scheduled Task/Job
T1053.005
Scheduled Task
T1078
Valid Accounts
T1078.004
Cloud Accounts
T1543
Create or Modify System Process
T1543.003×3
Windows Service
TA0005
Stealth
9 techniques
T1027×5
Obfuscated Files or Information
T1027.003
Steganography
T1027.007
Dynamic API Resolution
T1036×3
Masquerading
T1078
Valid Accounts
T1078.004
Cloud Accounts
T1140×2
Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information
T1497
Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion
T1497.001
System Checks
T1564
Hide Artifacts
T1564.003
Hidden Window
T1574×2
Hijack Execution Flow
T1574.001
DLL
T1620
Reflective Code Loading
T1622
Debugger Evasion
TA0112
Defense Impairment
1 technique
T1553
Subvert Trust Controls
T1553.006
Code Signing Policy Modification
TA0006
Credential Access
4 techniques
T1056
Input Capture
T1056.001
Keylogging
T1111
Multi-Factor Authentication Interception
T1539
Steal Web Session Cookie
T1621
Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation
TA0007
Discovery
7 techniques
T1016
System Network Configuration Discovery
T1033
System Owner/User Discovery
T1082
System Information Discovery
T1083×3
File and Directory Discovery
T1217
Browser Information Discovery
T1497
Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion
T1497.001
System Checks
T1622
Debugger Evasion
TA0008
Lateral Movement
1 technique
T1021
Remote Services
T1021.004
SSH
TA0009
Collection
7 techniques
T1005
Data from Local System
T1056
Input Capture
T1056.001
Keylogging
T1113
Screen Capture
T1114
Email Collection
T1114.002
Remote Email Collection
T1123
Audio Capture
T1213
Data from Information Repositories
T1560
Archive Collected Data
TA0011
Command and Control
6 techniques
T1071×4
Application Layer Protocol
T1071.001
Web Protocols
T1071.004
DNS
T1102
Web Service
T1102.001
Dead Drop Resolver
T1105×3
Ingress Tool Transfer
T1219
Remote Access Tools
T1568
Dynamic Resolution
T1568.002
Domain Generation Algorithms
T1572
Protocol Tunneling
TA0010
Exfiltration
3 techniques
T1041×5
Exfiltration Over C2 Channel
T1048
Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol
T1567
Exfiltration Over Web Service
T1567.002×2
Exfiltration to Cloud Storage
WEAPONIZED

Associated vulnerabilities

18 CVEs this actor has used in observed campaigns. 18 of them exploited in the wild.

CVE-2021-34473ProxyShell pre-auth SSRF in Microsoft Exchange AutodiscoverIn the wildEvidence6

These campaigns leveraged vulnerabilities like ProxyShell to extract Global Address Lists (GALs), providing a systematic feed for further credential harvesting and long-term espionage.

CVE-2021-44228Log4ShellIn the wildEvidence4

The February intrusion that Secureworks incident responders investigated began with a compromise of a VMware Horizon server using two Log4j vulnerabilities (CVE-2021-44228 and CVE-2021-45046).

CVE-2023-27350Unauthenticated Authentication Bypass and RCE in PaperCut MF/NGIn the wildEvidence3

Microsoft warns that Iran-linked APT groups have been observed exploiting the CVE-2023-27350 flaw in attacks against PaperCut MF/NG print management servers. The CVE-2023-27350 flaw is a PaperCut MF/NG Improper Access Control Vulnerability. PaperCut MF/NG contains an improper access control vulnerability within the SetupCompleted class that allows authentication bypass and code execution in the context of SYSTEM.

CVE-2021-31207Post-auth Arbitrary File Write in Microsoft Exchange Server (ProxyShell)In the wildEvidence2

FIN7 has compromised targeted organizations through exploitation of CVE-2021-31207 in Exchange. ... Magic Hound has exploited ... ProxyShell (CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-31207)

CVE-2024-1709Authentication Bypass in ConnectWise ScreenConnectIn the wildEvidence2

APT35 , also known as Magic Hound, has confirmed active exploitation of ... ConnectWise ScreenConnect (CVE-2024-1709)

13 more CVEs tied to this actor tracked in Mallory.

IOCS

Observables

385 indicators attributed to this actor: domains, IPs, hashes, and other artifacts pulled from reporting. View more in app.

IOC values are gated. View more in Mallory for domains, IPs, hashes, and other artifacts, or pipe them straight into your SIEM.

ACTIVITY FEED

Recent activity

20 sources tracked across advisories, community write-ups, and news. New activity surfaces here as Mallory finds it.

What this page doesn’t show

The version that knows your environment.

This page is what’s public. Mallory adds the parts that aren’t: sector and geo overlap with your footprint, the IOCs they’re burning right now, detection coverage, and what to do next.
Target overlap

Match sector + geo + tech-stack targeting against your real footprint.

Tradecraft mapping66

Every observed MITRE ATT&CK technique, grouped by tactic.

Malware arsenal45

Families this actor is known to deploy, with IOCs and behavior.

Exploited CVEs18

CVEs this actor has used in known campaigns.

Detection signatures

YARA, Sigma, Snort, and vendor rules, auto-deployed to your SIEM.

Observables385

Domains, IPs, and hashes tied to this actor, refreshed continuously.