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Predatory Sparrow, also known as Gonjeshke Darande and PredatorySparrow, is a pro-Israel threat actor active publicly since at least 2021. It conducts disruptive and destructive cyber operations against Iranian critical infrastructure, particularly fuel distribution systems, steel production facilities, banks, and cryptocurrency exchanges. Its operations combine technical sabotage with coordinated public messaging against the Islamic Republic and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. Its country of operation, organizational structure, and relationship to any state intelligence or military organization have not been publicly established. In October 2021, the group claimed responsibility for an attack that disrupted more than 4,000 Iranian fuel stations, preventing purchases with government-issued subsidy cards. The operation involved wiping central management infrastructure and disabling point-of-sale terminals. In 2022, it targeted three Iranian steel factories, manipulating industrial control systems and causing equipment malfunctions, molten steel spills, and a serious fire. In December 2023, it claimed another fuel-distribution attack affecting approximately 70 percent of Iran’s gas stations. During the June 2025 Israel–Iran conflict, Predatory Sparrow claimed responsibility for an attack on Bank Sepah that disrupted account access, cash withdrawals, card payments, and dependent fuel-station services. It subsequently breached the Nobitex cryptocurrency exchange, removed approximately $90 million in digital assets, and transferred the funds to addresses that rendered them inaccessible rather than monetizing them. It also published Nobitex source code and internal documentation. These operations demonstrate capabilities in operational-technology manipulation, destructive system interference, cryptocurrency theft, and data exfiltration, with sabotage rather than financial profit as the dominant objective.
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Who, where, and (when attributed) which flag flies behind the operation. Pulled from open-source reporting and Mallory's analyst review.
Sectors the actor has been observed targeting.
Geographies tied to known operations.
Attributed origin per open-source reporting.
16 distinct techniques observed across reporting, grouped by tactic. Hover any cell for the evidence excerpt; click through for MITRE's full description.
2 malware families attributed to this actor across reporting.
20 sources tracked across advisories, community write-ups, and news. New activity surfaces here as Mallory finds it.
Listed among detected threat actors/TTP references, but not substantively discussed in the report summary.
Mentioned only as a comparison case for destructive anti-Iran operations; not attributed to the incidents discussed here.
Israel-linked targeted cyber sabotage against Iranian industrial and financial infrastructure intended to damage state capacity, undermine confidence, and disrupt support networks.
Linked to disruptive cyberattacks in Iran affecting fuel distribution and banking systems.
Match sector + geo + tech-stack targeting against your real footprint.
Every observed MITRE ATT&CK technique, grouped by tactic.
Families this actor is known to deploy, with IOCs and behavior.
CVEs this actor has used in known campaigns.
YARA, Sigma, Snort, and vendor rules, auto-deployed to your SIEM.
Domains, IPs, and hashes tied to this actor, refreshed continuously.